Bangkok, Thailand
City population: 10539000
Duration: 2010 –
Implementation status: Ongoing
Scale: Meso-scale: Regional, metropolitan and urban level
Project area: 130000 m2
Type of area: Previous derelict area, Residential, Public Greenspace Area, Central Business District / City Centre, Building
Last updated: April 2023

Due to the growing population density and extreme climate events in Bangkok, Thailand, food security has become a more and more pressing issue for urban people. As a response, the Bangkok City Farm project was launched in 2010 by the Food and Nutrition Programme of the National Health Promotion Foundation. Implemented in collaboration with the Sustainable Agriculture Foundation Thailand (SAFT), the project aims to encourage and enable people in urban areas to grow their own food. The project offers financial support to anyone who wishes to start their own urban agricultural project, as well as training courses, access to food markets and knowledge sharing platforms. The implementation sites of the farms varies from private house gardens, community gardens, areas in informal settlements, school gardens and institutional green areas (such as hospitals and factories).(Ref. 1,2) The Bangkok City Farm's role in promoting food self-reliance and food security grew further during the COVID-19. As a result of the pandemic, many people in Bangkok - especially from underprivileged communities lost their jobs and their livelihood and access to sufficient and health food was threatened. Thus, as part of the project, green areas on vacant sites of the city were also created to support the out-of-work people with enabling them for self cultivation of their food. (Ref.6) As of 2022, there are 165 farms in Bangkok created through the project. Given the success and importance of the project, the project was scaled up into a nation-wide initiative called ‘Thai City Farm’. 'Thai City Farm' expanded the network to five other cities in Thailand. (Ref. 1,2)

Bangkok City Farm
Ref.5

Overview

Nature-based solution

  • Community gardens and allotments
  • Allotments
  • Community gardens
  • Grey infrastructure featuring greens
  • Green playgrounds and school grounds
  • Institutional green space
  • Nature on buildings (external)
  • Green roofs

Key challenges

  • Climate action for adaptation, resilience and mitigation (SDG 13)
  • Climate change adaptation
  • Green space, habitats and biodiversity (SDG 15)
  • Green space creation and/or management
  • Regeneration, land-use and urban development
  • Promote natural styles of landscape design for urban development
  • Health and well-being (SDG 3)
  • Improving mental health
  • Improving physical health
  • Creation of opportunities for recreation
  • Social justice, cohesion and equity (SDG 10)
  • Social justice and equity
  • Social interaction
  • Environmental education
  • Economic development and employment (SDG 8)
  • Economic development: agriculture
  • Sustainable consumption and production (SDG 12)
  • Sustainable consumption
  • Sustainable production

Focus

Creation of new green areas, Maintenance and management of urban nature, Knowledge creation and awareness raising

Project objectives

1. Increase food security in the urban area - Increase people’s ability to produce their own food, and become self-reliant. - Encourage people to grow their own food and start agricultural activities on small- to medium-sized urban spaces. 2. Increase food safety in urban area - Increase area that can produce safe food for the city. - Support different types of agricultural activities. 3. Promote urban farming policy and increase accessibility to high quality food for everyone along with the development of locals' economic and social interactions. - Share and promote knowledge about sustainable and organic farming practices. - Create a farming network and encourage social interaction between people in the community. 4. Increase urban green area and promote urban biodiversity. 5. Support vulnerable groups, especially low income groups. 6. Improve people's connection to nature that supports their physical and mental health. (Ref.1,2,3,4)

Implementation activities

There are three main types of agricultural activities of the Bangkok City Farm project: 1. Subsistence-oriented urban farming practices - Creating community garden as edible social space and as self-sufficiency economic practice among community members and workers. 2. Leisure and recreation-oriented - Creating community and institutional gardens as healthy and enjoyable learning space. They can also act as new playground for kids. 3. Market oriented practice - Promoting alternative market and create space for product exchange. All implementation activities are listed below. 1. Establishment of 9 learning centres throughout Bangkok and the provision of 20 agricultural learning programs. 2. Provision of financial support for people, community and any institutions that wish to start their own urban farming project. 3. Promotion of ‘land sharing’ concept and maximise the usage of urban area. This includes the encouragement of people in the same community or within the same institution to share a plot of land or area and grow vegetables together. The project also connects people who wish to share their land with people who interested in farming but lack of land. This led to the establishment of school gardens, hospital gardens, roof gardens on office building and farming in abandoned area. 4. Introduction of other benefits that the garden can offer such as healing garden and vegetable garden for kids. 5. Establishment of the City Farm Market which is a space for food distribution and farmer network. People within Bangkok City Farm network and other organic farming networks can sell and distribute their product directly to customers. 6. Organisation of various activities and events throughout the year for people to exchange knowledge and experience relating to urban farming. teach or discuss includes how to prepare the soil and grow vegetables, how to make organic fertiliser and food waste management. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the project also started supporting vulnerable communities. There are several actions being taken. 1. As there are a lot of abandon areas scattered around the city, the project aimed to turn those areas into urban farms. In the first phase they targeted on 19 communities, especially in informal settlements. 2. These urban farms were expected to produce food for 40-60 people per month. 3. Farming workshops were organized for 49 communities. (Ref. 1,2,3,4)

Climate-focused activities

Climate change adaptation:

  • Other

Main beneficiaries

  • Citizens or community groups
  • Marginalized groups: Elderly people, Socio-economically disadvantaged populations (e.g. low-income households, unemployed)
  • Food producers and cultivators (i.e. farmers, gardeners)

Governance

Management set-up

  • Co-governance with government and non-government actors

Type of initiating organisation

  • Non-government organisation/civil society

Participatory approaches/ community involvement

  • Co-planning (e.g. stakeholder workshops, focus groups, participatory mapping)
  • Dissemination of information and education
  • Consultation (e.g. workshop, surveys, community meetings, town halls)

Details on the roles of the organisations involved in the project

The main coordinator and manager of the project is Thailand Sustainable Agriculture Foundation (NGO). The project is funded by The Food and Nutrition Programme of the National Health Promotion Foundation. Other project partners: Media Center for Development Foundation, Urban Farming Centre, Green Market Networks, Slum Dwellers Networks, Informal Labour Networks, green food corporations, social enterprises, social activists, community-based organisations. Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (BMA) and some district offices also support the project by allowing several groups of people to use public land to grow vegetable, offer small funding, equipment and materials such as soil and natural fertilisers. For the scaling up of the project to nation-wide initiative, local authorities and municipalities in other cities take part in the initiative by offering land, holding events and workshops, and provide necessary equipment. Currently, apart from Bangkok Metropolitan Region, other cities that joined Thai City Farm initiative includes Chiangmai, Hat Yai, Phatthalung, Chonburi and Khorat. (Ref. 1,2,3,9)

Project implemented in response to ...

... an EU policy or strategy? No
... a national policy or strategy? Yes (The project was partly a response to King Bhumibol Adulyadej' s idea of low-input farming in an urban context. The 'New Theory' of farming promoted by the King Rama: The king: ‘growing diversity food in limited areas; explicit concern f or ecological balance, self-sufficiency and self-reliance. (Ref 1))
... a local policy or strategy? No

Financing

Total cost

More than €4,000,000

Source(s) of funding

  • Public national budget

Type of funding

  • Direct funding (grants, subsidies, or self-financed projects by private entities)

Non-financial contribution

Unknown

Impacts and Monitoring

Environmental impacts

  • Environmental quality
  • Improved soil quality
  • Green space and habitat
  • Promotion of naturalistic styles of landscape design for urban development
  • Increased green space area
  • Increased number of protection areas
  • Increased conversion of degraded land or soil
  • Reduced biodiversity loss

Economic impacts

  • Increase of green jobs (e.g. paid employment positions)
  • Increase in agricultural production (for profit or not)
  • Generation of income from NBS

Socio-cultural impacts

  • Social justice and cohesion
  • Improved social cohesion
  • Improved access to urban green space
  • Increased visibility and opportunity for marginalised groups or indigenous peoples
  • Increased opportunities for social interaction
  • Increased involvement of locals in the management of green spaces
  • Increased access to healthy/affordable food
  • Increased sustainability of agriculture practices
  • Health and wellbeing
  • Gain in activities for recreation and exercise
  • Education
  • Increased knowledge of locals about local nature
  • Increased awareness of NBS and their benefits

Type of reported impacts

Achieved impacts

Presence of formal monitoring system

Unknown

Presence of indicators used in reporting

No evidence in public records

Presence of monitoring/ evaluation reports

No evidence in public records

Availability of a web-based monitoring tool

Yes

References

Bangkok City Farm
Ref.5
Bangkok City Farm - Roof garden
Ref.3
Information about this nature-based solution was collected as part of the "NBS 2022" UNA Asian extension project funded by the Asia-Europe Foundation.